10.2 |
Reconstruction: July 2004 to July 2009
1065.
It is possible
to consider the impact of the international
community’s
reconstruction
efforts in Iraq by looking at the changes in a number of key
indicators.
The table
below presents selected economic and social
indicators.
1066.
In relation to
the economy:
•
Electricity
production fell from around 4,000 megawatts (MW) per day
before
the
invasion to 500MW in May 2003 (immediately after the invasion),
before
recovering
to around 4,000MW in June 2004 (the transition to a sovereign
Iraqi
Government).628
By July
2009, production was around 6,000MW.
•
Oil
production fell from around 2.9m barrels a day (bpd) before the
invasion to
around 0.3m
bpd in May 2003, before recovering to 2.3m bpd by June
2004.
By 2009,
production remained below pre-conflict levels.
1067.
The under-five
mortality rate fell from 42 to 38 (per 1,000 live births)
between
2003 and
2009. Other key social indicators remained stable.
1068.
Perceptions of
corruption in Iraq worsened between 2003 and 2009. Iraq
fell
from 113th
out of 133 countries surveyed for Transparency International’s
Corruption
Perceptions
Index in 2003, to 176th out of 180 countries surveyed in
2009.
1069.
The UN’s 2009
Common Country Assessment concluded that, while
Iraq had
fulfilled
its constitutional mandate requiring 25 percent of Parliamentary
seats to be
filled by
women, women remained under-represented at higher levels within
the
public
sector and government.629
Women also
had higher illiteracy levels than men,
participated in
smaller numbers in the labour force, were paid less and were
segregated
into
certain occupations. A disproportionate number of households in
poverty were
headed by
women.
628
Brookings,
Iraq Index, Electricity.
629
UN,
2009, Common
Country Assessment: Iraq.
371